SAH models: Review, new modification, and prospective

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating type of hemorrhagic stroke. It is characterized by spontaneous or traumatic bleeding in the subarachnoid space and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. A reproducible animal model of SAH that mimics the acute and delayed brain injury history after SAH will be an invaluable tool for exploring the underlying mechanisms of SAH-induced brain injury and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. At present, a number of models have been developed, mainly the double injection model and the endovascular puncture model. While different species have been studied, rodents have become the most popular and widely utilized animal subjects. In this summary, we will explore in detail the various models and animal species. We will also introduce the emerging modified model, which was recently developed within the past 5 years, and discuss the prospective study.