Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment Provides Neuroprotection in Surgically Induced Brain Injured Mice

Surgically induced brain injury (SBI) is a common concern after a neurosurgical procedure. Current treatments aimed at reducing the postoperative sequela are limited. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a hematopoietic growth factor involved in the inflammatory process, has been shown in various animal models to be neuroprotective. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the use of G-CSF as a treatment modality to reduce cell death and brain edema, while improving neurobehavioral deficits following an SBI in mice. Eleven-week-old C57 black mice (n = 76) were randomly placed into four groups: sham (n = 19), SBI (n = 21), SBI with G-CSF pre-treatment (n = 15) and SBI with G-CSF pre/post-treatment (n = 21). Treated groups received a single dose of G-CSF intraperitoneally at 24, 12 and 1 h pre-surgery and/or 6 and 12 h post-surgery. Postoperative assessment occurred at 24 h and included neurobehavioral testing and measurement for both cell death and brain edema. Results indicated that pre-treatment with G-CSF reduced both cell death and brain edema, while post-treatment reduced neurobehavioral deficits. This study implies that the morphological changes in the brain are effected by pre-treatment; however, in order to activate and/or amplify targets involved in the recovery process, more dosing regimens may be needed.