@article{d5d2c78e7b494d039840a2c6f7ba3504,
title = "FORWARD",
author = "Kiang, {Sharon C.}",
note = "Funding Information: Interestingly, the concept of AI is not new and has been around since the 1950s. Its proof of concept, Logic Theorist, was developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon, funded by the RAND Corporation. Logic Theorist is considered by many to be the first AI program, as it was designed to mimic human-based problem solving. From the 1960s to the 1980s, AI advancement plodded along; its true potential was inhibited largely by funding, advocacy, and government investment. However, in the early 1990s to 2000s, excitement about AI was re-ignited, partially by the “Digital Revolution,” which unleashed the truly awesome power of advanced and sophisticated computers, and also by the off-beat AI fan base in pop culture. Most of us remember how the reigning world chess champion and grandmaster Gary Kasparov was defeated in 1997 by IBM's Deep Blue, a chess playing computer program with AI decision-making capabilities. In the same year, Dragon Systems, a language recognition software, was implemented on the Windows operating system. Even human emotion was fair game—Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave us Kismet, an emotionally intelligent robot head. ",
year = "2023",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2023.07.005",
language = "English",
volume = "36",
pages = "393",
journal = "Seminars in Vascular Surgery",
issn = "0895-7967",
number = "3",
}