Embryology and classification of congenital upper limb anomalies

Kathryn F. Ball, Michael A. Tonkin, Kerby C. Oberg

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapter

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationCongenital Anomalies of the Upper Extremity
Subtitle of host publicationEtiology and Management
PublisherSpringer International Publishing
Pages3-35
Number of pages33
ISBN (Electronic)9783030641597
ISBN (Print)9783030641580
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 9 2021

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

  • General Medicine

Keywords

  • AER
  • Angiogenesis
  • Animal models
  • Apical ectodermal ridge
  • Bmp4
  • Bone morphogenetic protein family member 4
  • Classification
  • Congenital upper limb malformation
  • Dorsal ectoderm
  • Embryology
  • Fgf8
  • Fibroblast growth factor 8
  • Genetic mutation
  • Homeobox genes
  • Hox
  • Human
  • Innervation
  • Lim homeobox 1b
  • Limb development
  • Lmx1b
  • Molecular regulation
  • Morphogenesis
  • Myogenesis
  • Patterning
  • RA
  • Retinoic acid
  • Shh
  • Skeletogenesis
  • Sonic hedgehog
  • Tissue differentiation
  • Vasculogenesis
  • Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 7A
  • Wnt7a
  • ZPA
  • Zone of polarizing activity

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